北京十三陵導游詞（通用9篇）
北京十三陵導游詞 篇1
各位旅客朋友們：
大家好!
現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠郊昌平區(qū)，那即將進入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。 明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風水術士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實就是吉祥的土地，準備修建陵寢。當時這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險!后來選過京西的“燕家臺”，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風水寶地。從此可見當時皇帝要為自己修建一個陵寢要耗費多少精力啊。隨后，就開始修建了長陵，經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子，太子等等。可是這里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關以后，為了報復金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時候，為了籠絡漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后，對這里進行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了。現(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點風景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。現(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個皇帝的陵寢?其實原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因為建都南京，所以他的陵墓當然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個皇帝建文帝，因為被朱棣奪取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時候，他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個事件稱為“土木之變”，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。
北京十三陵導游詞 篇2
明十三陵位于北京市昌平區(qū)的天壽山腳下，這里埋葬著明朝13個皇帝，所以叫明十三陵。自永樂七年(1409)開始修建長陵，到清朝順治初年建思陵，營建時間前后長達200年之久。明十三陵體系完成、規(guī)模宏大，是世界上保存最完成、埋葬皇帝較多帝王陵墓群。年明十三陵被教科文組織列入《世紀遺產(chǎn)名錄》，成為中外游客到北京的必游之地。
明朝有十六帝，這里為什么只有十三陵呢?那是因為明朝有三個皇帝沒有埋在這里，一個是開國皇帝朱元璋;一個是明朝第二皇帝朱允炆;還有一個是明朝景泰皇帝朱祁鈺。明朝第一個在北京修建陵寢的是明朝第三個皇帝，明成祖朱棣。
明朝永樂五年(1407)七月，明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世，朱棣命禮部尚書趙羾和江西術士廖鈞卿在北京一帶選址建陵。最后選中今天昌平區(qū)康家莊樓子營一帶，作為陵址上報給皇上。朱棣親自現(xiàn)場考察后，非常滿意，封這里的山叫“天壽山”，選擇“黃道吉日”開始動工修建陵寢。
從永樂七年到宣德二年(1409-1427)，歷時18年之久，陵寢才大功告成。徐皇后先入葬，然后是明成祖朱棣本人。朱棣生前把自己的陵墓命名為“長陵”，這就是十三陵的“首陵”。
長陵的后續(xù)裝修工程并沒有結束。明朝嘉靖年間，朱厚熜下旨修建了長陵的神道。大石牌樓，神道上的碑樓陸續(xù)建成。如此算來長陵最后建成歷時130余年。這條長陵的神道，也隨著明朝后續(xù)幾位皇帝的陵寢依次完工，成為了明十三陵的主神道。
北京十三陵導游詞 篇3
各位旅客朋友們：
大家好！
明十三陵是明朝皇帝的墓葬群，坐落在北京西北郊昌平區(qū)境內(nèi)的燕山山麓的天壽山。總面積一百二十余平方公里，距離北京約五十公里。這里自永樂七年五月始作長陵，到明朝最后一帝崇禎葬入思陵止，其間230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太監(jiān)墓。十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了體系完整、規(guī)模宏大、氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群。明代術士認為，這里是“風水”勝境，絕佳“吉壤”。因此被明朝選為營建皇陵的“萬年壽域”。
十三位皇帝陵墓分別為：長陵（成祖）、獻陵（仁宗）、景陵（宣宗）、裕陵（英宗）、茂陵（憲宗）、泰陵（孝宗）、康陵（武宗）、永陵（世宗）、昭陵（穆宗）、定陵（神宗）、慶陵（光宗）、德陵（熹宗）、思陵（思宗）。景區(qū)已開放景點有長陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。
明十三陵全年適宜，但是春秋天氣最佳，北京的春秋不冷不熱，氣候適中，是理想的旅游季節(jié)，尤其是秋季天高氣爽，氣候宜人。
明朝遷都北京后13位皇帝長眠于此，依山而筑，分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群，逝者去，陵猶在。
北京十三陵導游詞 篇4
各位游客：
大家早上好!
今天上午我們游覽位于北京昌平區(qū)的十三陵景區(qū)，大約需要50分鐘的車程，利用這段時間給大家講一講十三陵的歷史背景以及一些簡要情況。
明永樂五年（1407年），皇后徐氏去世，朱棣派禮部尚書、風水術士到北京選擇“吉壤”準備修建陵寢。直到明永樂七年（1409年）他們來到昌（chang）平才驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)這塊雄渾的“龍脈”從太行山-燕山山脈而來，這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，北方處于四象玄武方位的是高大的天壽山（鎮(zhèn)山），東為一條形如奔越騰挪的龍山稱蟒山，西為狀似一只伏地警覺的猛虎稱虎峪。在三山圍成的小平原內(nèi)還有“金水河”溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風水寶地，從此拉開了在天壽山腳下修建明皇陵寢的工程。現(xiàn)在這里已被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》的全國重點風景名勝區(qū)，今天我們參觀長陵和已被發(fā)掘定陵的地宮。
請司機把車開慢點，大家透過車窗往外看到一個石牌坊，這是陵區(qū)的標志。這個牌坊5間6柱11樓，全部用漢白玉雕砌，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊。
好！目的地到了，請大家?guī)Ш米约旱碾S身物品，下車集合。
這座門叫大紅門是陵墓區(qū)的正門，穿過正門我們腳下的這條道路就是十三陵的神道，這條神道隨地形回轉(zhuǎn)起伏，這是依據(jù)“風水”理論中有“生旺而彎環(huán)則吉，衰死硬直則兇”的說法，它是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中最長的神道，全長有7.3千米。
往前看有一個碑亭，這就是長陵的神功頌德碑，圣德碑上為盤龍碑首，下為龜趺馱碑，通高7.91米，刻有“大明長陵神功圣德碑”，正面是長子朱高熾（chi）為其父撰寫的4000多字頌德碑文，背面是在乾隆撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，后又在碑之左側刻御制詩一首，右側刻清嘉慶御制文一篇，論述明王朝滅亡的原因。
過了碑亭，在800米的神道上排列著石獸12對、石人6對，叫做石像生。樹立這些是為了體現(xiàn)帝王生前的儀仗和死后的尊嚴。
這是一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意。在這個三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
呈現(xiàn)在我們眼前的這座宏偉建筑就是——長陵，它是明十三陵中規(guī)模最大、營建時間最長、保存最完好的一座陵墓。朱棣發(fā)動“靖難之役”奪得了皇位，改年號為永樂。在執(zhí)政的22年中，勤于政務、不喜奢華，作了許多益事，主持編纂《永樂大典》，派鄭和六下西洋，中國被收入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》的文化古跡中有四處是朱棣開創(chuàng)基業(yè)的。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線建筑有陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂。陵墓共有三進院，最具欣賞價值和文物價值的是位于二進院落中的陵恩殿，是十三陵中唯一保存完好的祾恩殿，祾恩的意思，是仿照紫禁城的太和殿的規(guī)制建成的，它面闊九間，進深五間，重檐廡殿頂，殿內(nèi)有60根巨大楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿，用途是供奉帝后神位和舉行謁(ye)陵祭祀活動的場所。
從殿后門出來就到達了第三進院落，長陵標志性的建筑——明樓，明樓內(nèi)豎有石碑一塊，上書：大明成祖文皇帝之陵，因為皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂紅色。
接下來我們?nèi)ザ辏谀抢锎蠹揖涂梢詤⒂^到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。 定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，九歲登基后以萬歷十七年為界，分為兩個階段，前一段有大臣張居正的輔佐，國家的各方面都有很大發(fā)展，大有中興大明之勢。張居正病逝后，他像換了一個人， 28年不理朝政，導致國家?guī)缀跬[。后人評論，其實明朝滅亡的命運，在萬歷皇帝時就已經(jīng)成為定局了。朱翊鈞一生中作過一件值得稱道的事情就是萬歷二十年至二十七年決定了“抗日援朝”戰(zhàn)爭，鞏固了中朝關系。
定陵是十三陵中的第三大陵，建筑規(guī)制去祖父世宗永陵，寶城前面的建筑在戰(zhàn)火中被毀，從僅存的須彌座臺基上可以想見當年的規(guī)模。在前面的陳列室里，陳列展出的都是定陵出土的國寶級的文物，都非常精美，各位可以一飽眼福，30分鐘后我們在門口集合。
現(xiàn)在我們來到了定陵的寶城，直徑230米，寶城正中為重檐歇山頂?shù)拿鳂牵嵌甑孛姹４孀钔旰玫慕ㄖＴ诿鳂莾?nèi)立6.19米高的石碑，額書“大明”，碑文為“神宗顯皇帝之陵”。寶城中間的大土丘叫做寶頂，其實就是墳頭。
大家隨我從左側的通道進入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的，1958年結束。最開始發(fā)掘人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側墻上露出了一處券門，于是就正對著券門開了第一條探溝，探溝見底后發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。沿著隧道指示的方向在明樓后正對寶頂?shù)姆较蜷_了第二條探溝，在這條探溝中碰到了刻有“此石至金剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，這塊石碑就是指示方向用的標志，因為定陵是皇帝生前建造的，完工后必須將地宮用土封上以待帝后。沿著石碑指示的方向，又開了第三條探溝，最終找到了石隧道，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻，將其上的金剛門拆開，即進入了地宮的隧道券，在西側正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門，從里邊頂著“自來石”，發(fā)掘人員用鐵棍把自來石從地面凹槽撬起，然后用鉛絲套住并讓它頂在其中一扇門后，另一扇門就可以打開了，沉睡了300多年的定陵地宮被打開了。
整個建筑的用料都是磚石，禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮”制，分為前室、中室、后室和左右室五個殿。我們現(xiàn)在所處的位置是前室，也叫前殿，打開時在只有地面上的一層黃松木板直通后殿，在木板上可以清晰地看到運送棺槨的車轍。
再往前走就是中殿了，它位于前后左右四室中央，地面鋪以細料方磚，據(jù)說這種磚會越擦越亮的。殿中陳設有漢白玉石神座，它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的，神座靠背和扶手雕有龍頭，兩位皇后的神座雕有鳳頭。在三個寶座之前，設有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供，包括一個香爐，兩個燭臺，兩個花瓶，神座前各有青花云龍大瓷缸，缸中原來盛有香油，里邊放有燈芯，叫做長明燈。
這座富麗堂皇的地宮就是后殿，又稱皇堂，是地宮中最大的一個殿，地面鋪設的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿正中設有須彌座式、面鋪花斑石、鑲有漢白玉石邊的棺床一座，中央有一方孔，中間填的是黃土，是選擇墓穴時的第一鏟黃土，叫做金井。棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨，還有裝隨葬品26箱，萬歷皇帝為自己設計了明清兩代最高等級的葬禮——金井玉葬。
按照皇帝陵寢的規(guī)置是一帝一后，后殿只安放皇帝棺槨，皇后的棺槨應在左右配殿，為什么定陵一帝二后？左右配殿沒有任何的陳設，兩位皇后的棺槨卻在后殿？先說他的二后：孝端是朱翊鈞的正宮皇后，后與他沒有孩子。孝靖皇后是萬歷皇帝母親身邊的宮女王氏，萬歷為母請安私幸，巧的是王氏就為萬歷生下了嫡長子，就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛，死后萬歷才封她為貴妃，簡稱孝靖。她比朱翊鈞早死九年，被埋在東井左側平岡地，之孫朱由校繼位后才追封為太皇太后。為什么合葬在一起呢？根據(jù)專家推測：在萬歷四十八年的時候，先是孝端皇后病逝，三個月后萬歷皇帝去世，而他的兒子朱常洛也在即位29天后就死于紅丸案。剛剛即位的16歲皇帝朱由校眼前有三個葬禮、還有親奶奶的移靈，這么巨大的任務都壓在他身上，所以準備工作十分的倉促。而且當時正好是雨季，安放皇后的配殿不方便打開，于是皇帝皇后的棺槨就都從正門進去了。可是到了地宮發(fā)現(xiàn)配殿的甬道太窄了，皇后的棺槨進不去，所以只好將它們一并放入了后殿當中。
走出地宮后我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆，希望我的講解能給各位留下深刻的印象，領略我國古代的文明。
北京十三陵導游詞 篇5
各位旅客朋友們：
大家好!
北京昌平縣境內(nèi)，有一處明代帝王陵墓群，即中外聞名的十三陵。在周圍40公里的范圍內(nèi)，埋葬著明代13位帝王，23位皇后和眾多的嬪妃、太子、公主、從葬宮女等。
(一)概況
明永樂五年(1407)朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命禮部、工部及術士風鑒先生等人，在北京郊區(qū)尋找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家臺、屠家營等處，朱棣均不滿意。后來江西術士廖均卿說，昌平北有吉壤，可做萬年壽域，名黃土山，山前有龍、虎二山，形成一個小平原。朱棣視察后很滿意，決定在此建造皇陵，改黃土山為天壽山。永樂七年(1409)正式建陵，到永樂十一年竣工，即長陵。明代歷朝(除景泰帝外)皇帝陸續(xù)在此建陵。 明制規(guī)定，陵墓每年大祭三次(清明、中元、冬至)，小祭四次(正旦、孟冬、生辰、逝日)。每次謁陵耗費巨大。十三陵地面上建筑曾幾度遭到破壞，最嚴重的一次是清兵入關。明末清太祖崛起于東北，威脅明朝安全。有人說清兵之所以強盛與他的祖墳風水有關。他們(金人)的祖墳在房山，如搗毀，清兵即滅。天啟皇帝于天啟二年(1622)派人毀房山金陵，并建關帝廟鎮(zhèn)之。清兵入關后，采取同樣的報復手段，破壞了明陵。清乾隆五十年，為了攏絡漢人，曾下令修繕明陵。民國時期，左右，當?shù)睾兰潬帄Z產(chǎn)權，明陵又遭破壞。
1陵墓區(qū)范圍
墓區(qū)原有一道40公里長的圍墻。紅色圍墻自南邊的大宮門起，依山而筑，設有中山口、東山口、老君堂口、賢莊口、灰?guī)X口、錐子口、雁子口、德勝口、西山口、榨子口等十個關口，各口駐兵把守。現(xiàn)在紅墻已無，但從地名上看還能了解到當年的墓區(qū)范圍。
2繃昴怪兄嵯
(1)石牌坊
石牌坊是陵區(qū)最南端的建筑。該坊五門六柱十一樓，高14米，寬2886米，建于嘉靖十九年(1540)，是目前國內(nèi)保存最大、最早的石坊。夾桿石四面有浮雕，刻有八對獅子滾繡球、十六條生龍，造型生動。
(2)大宮門
大宮門是陵墓區(qū)的正門。門分三洞，旁連40公里圍墻。門前豎著"官員人等至此下馬"碑。門內(nèi)有數(shù)千軍士守護，任何人不得闖入。當時規(guī)定"謀毀山陵者，以謀大逆論，不分首從，俱凌遲處死"。山陵內(nèi)盜砍樹木者斬，家屬發(fā)往邊疆充軍。
(3)碑樓
該樓為重檐頂四出陛、樓內(nèi)馱巨碑，即長陵的神功圣德碑，高三丈(該碑正式建立于宣德十年，即公元1435年)。正面為神功圣德碑文，3000余字，明成祖長子仁宗朱高熾撰。碑陰是乾隆五十年(1785)，清高宗的《哀明陵三十韻》，詳細地記錄了長、永、定、思幾座陵墓的殘破情況。碑東側是清政府修明陵的花費記錄，西側是嘉慶九年(1804)清仁宗論述明亡的原因。
(4)石象生
神路兩側有一組石雕群，24獸，12人，共18對，36個。包括獅子、獬豸、駱駝、麒麟、馬、象各4匹，二臥二立。武臣、文臣、勛臣各4人。
(5)欞星門
欞星門俗稱龍鳳門，在此處有"天門"之意，門三道之間有短垣相隔。6根門柱形似華表，三門額坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠，故當?shù)厝擞址Q其為火焰牌坊。 欞星門北有7孔漢白玉神橋一座，通往長陵陵門。
北京十三陵導游詞 篇6
現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠郊昌平區(qū)，那即將進入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時間，我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。
明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風水術士到北京選擇“吉壤”，其實就是吉祥的土地，準備修建陵寢。當時這些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，開始他們選在了口外的屠家營，可是皇帝姓朱，與豬同音，犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下，可是后面有個村子叫“狼口峪”，這樣豈不是更危險!后來選過京西的“燕家臺”，有與“宴駕”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年，才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū)，在周圍有蟒山，虎峪，龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是東青龍，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里，真可以說是風水寶地。從此可見當時皇帝要為自己修建一個陵寢要耗費多少精力啊。隨后，就開始修建了長陵，經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝，也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡，這200多年間，明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，還有許多的妃子，太子等等。可是這里也沒能夠完整的保留下來，在清兵入關以后，為了報復金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉，所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時候，為了籠絡漢人，就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后，對這里進行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā)，并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了。現(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點風景名勝區(qū)，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。現(xiàn)在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六個皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個皇帝的陵寢?其實原因很簡單，明太祖朱元璋因為建都南京，所以他的陵墓當然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個皇帝建文帝，因為被朱棣奪取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時候，他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿，率軍親征，后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜，這個事件稱為“土木之變”，一國不能無君，所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”，所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓，他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來，大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。
現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個石牌坊，就是陵區(qū)的標志，是嘉靖年間制造的。這個牌坊是5間6柱11樓，高有14米，寬達到了28.86米，是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊，上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案，反映了皇家建筑的特點。
大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒，也叫大紅門。門是南向的，分三洞，在這個門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑，因為當時規(guī)定這些人進入陵區(qū)都是要步行，否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū)，不是一般老百姓可以隨便進入的地方，嚴重的是要被斬首的。而進了這個門兒，也就走進了貫穿陵園南北，能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道，明朝的神道，也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的，其實他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方，全長有7公里。
我們一邊走著，就可以看到前邊有一個碑亭。這個碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ镞呌汹P屃馱著巨碑，這個就是長陵的神功頌德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文，有3000多字，而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》，里邊詳細記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費，西側則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。
再往前走，就可以看到一座欞星門，也叫龍鳳門，取天門之意。在這個三門六柱的門中央位置上，有三個火焰寶珠，所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。
我們其實一直都是沿著神道來前進的，來回顧一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宮門，現(xiàn)在我們就要已經(jīng)進入了長陵了。碑亭，石象生，過了龍鳳門，還有一段路程就可以到達長陵的陵門了。而我們所說的整個陵墓群的中軸線其實也就是這條貫穿陵園南北，全長共7公里的神道。
說到長陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個兒子，當朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當時的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號為永樂，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn)，并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元勛徐達的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性，她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進院，第一進院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側各有一個小碑亭，但當時上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進院落中，在1412，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動的地方。它面闊九間，進深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ顑?nèi)有60根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳印６闹軇t是出土文物的展覽。
咱們從殿后的門一出來，就到達了第三進院落，每座陵墓的標志——明樓就在這里。大家可以看到這里也有一個碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因為皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂紅色。
由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘，所以我們在長陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急，接下來我們將要去的定陵，就可以讓大家參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。
定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的為人和永樂皇帝朱棣可以說成為了鮮明的對比。他非常貪婪懶惰，在他九歲即位的時候，由于有大臣張居正的輔佐，國家發(fā)展的還算比較穩(wěn)定，可是后來張居正病逝，他便利用這個機會為自己選擇了陵地，花費了800萬兩白銀，用了六年時間，建了工程質(zhì)量最好的定陵，而他居然因為陵寢修建的非常滿意，而在地宮當中舉行了盛大的宴會，真實一位讓人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不僅如此，在他在位的48年當中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政，導致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài)。后人評論，其實明朝滅亡的命運，在萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞時就已經(jīng)成為定局了。他有兩位皇后，其實在開始的時候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是與他有了一個男孩，就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子貴，她就被封為貴妃。但是她比朱翊鈞早死了九年，并沒有葬在定陵里，直到后來追封她為太皇太后的時候，才與萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寢。朱翊鈞的另一個皇后孝端與他沒有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊鈞也去世了，所以他們是同日葬入定陵的。
過了碑亭，我們所看到的兩座高石臺基就是定陵陵恩門和陵恩殿的遺址。這里原來也叫享殿，它是舉行祭祀典禮的地方，當時面闊七間，清兵入關的時候曾經(jīng)遭到破壞，到了乾隆年間，對這里進行了修復，但是后來又遭到了破壞。
在往前走，我們可以看到一個陳列室，這里陳列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宮挖掘之后興建的。展室分為南北兩個部分，南側主要陳列地宮出土的萬歷皇帝的隨葬品，北側則是兩位太后的隨葬品，都非常精美，各位盡可以一飽眼福。
現(xiàn)在來到了明樓，它也是定陵陵墓的標志。明樓為石結構建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始終沒有遭到破壞。在明樓黃色琉璃瓦頂上，鑲有一塊高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明樓內(nèi)的碑額上篆有大名二字，而碑身上則刻有神宗顯皇帝之陵七個大字。它與寶城相連。寶城是一道用城磚壘起的圓形大墻，墻上有垛口，城墻高7.5米，上厚下薄，周長800米，在它圍繞的中間有一個人工堆成的大土丘，其實就是皇陵的墳頭，叫做寶頂。
咱們現(xiàn)在正從左側的通道走入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的，在1958年結束。最開始，工作人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側墻上露出了一處券門，于是就正對著券門開了第一條探溝，到了底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。在三個月以后，沿著隧道的方向在明樓西面開了第二條探溝，在這條探溝的挖掘過程中，碰到了刻有“此時至今剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，從而得到了關于打開地宮的正確方向。工作人員沿著這個方向，又開了第三條探溝，最終找到了石隧道，并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻，打開金剛墻，里邊有一個方形的石券室，在西側正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門，從里邊頂著“自來石”，而工作人員只用了鐵絲和木板，不到五分鐘，就將沉睡了337年的定陵地宮打開了。
地宮深度是27米，總面積達到了1195平方米，整個建筑的用料都是磚石，可以說是地下的無梁殿，禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮制”，分為前中后左右五個殿堂由七扇漢白玉門連接，最大的一扇高3.3米，寬1.7米，重達4噸，看上去很笨重，其實設計非常的合理。石門的重心偏向門軸，所以開關自如;門扇上橫著設有防止倒塌的青銅扇管，重量大約是10噸;在門正面雕刻有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)鋪首，背面與之相對應的地方有一個凸起的部分，關門以后，自來石就承托在這里。
在地宮前殿和左右兩個配殿中沒有任何的陳設。而現(xiàn)在到達的中殿高7.2米，寬6米，地面是金磚鋪地，據(jù)記載，這種磚會越擦越亮的。殿中陳設有漢白玉石寶座，它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的，在前邊也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的寶座雕有鳳頭，而萬歷皇帝的寶座靠背和扶手都雕有龍頭。原來寶座的陳列是呈品字形的，后來為了方便游人參觀，才改變了陳設。在三個寶座之前，設有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供，包括一個香爐，兩個燭臺，和兩個香瓶，和嘉靖年間的青花云龍大瓷缸，這個缸中原來是盛有香油，里邊放有燈芯的，叫做長明燈，但是由于關門后地宮缺氧，所以這盞燈并沒有長明。
在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宮中最大的一個殿，高大9.5米，長31米，寬9.1米，地面上鋪設的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設有白石鑲邊的棺床一座，中央有一個長型方孔，中間填的是黃土，也就是選擇墓穴時的第一鏟黃土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點。在棺槨四周和棺槨內(nèi)放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，稱為玉葬。之所以這樣，是因為古人認為金井可以溝通陰陽，交流生氣，而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級的葬禮。當然這些都是古人的理想而已，沒有什么科學根據(jù)。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨，還有裝隨葬品的26個木箱。
隨著參觀定陵的活動結束，我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了，相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆，隨著我國文物保護工作的不斷開展，國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵，這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去。同時，我也希望各位游客能對這里留下美好的印象，歡迎各位下次再來參觀。
北京十三陵導游詞 篇7
各位親愛的朋友，我是旅行社導游小王，首先我代表旅行社歡迎大家!今天我們將要參觀的景點是十三陵，它是著名的一個皇帝陵墓群，里面涉及到豐富的歷史知識，所以請大家仔細聆聽導游詞介紹。
明十三陵是世界上埋葬皇帝最多、保存最完整的古代皇帝陵墓群，陵區(qū)內(nèi)葬的是明朝的十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后及諸多嬪妃、太子和公主等。好了，說到這里可能大家有疑問了，明朝總共十六位皇帝呀，為什么是十三陵呢?請聽導游詞講解。是這樣的，明朝開國時定都南京，所以皇帝朱元璋葬在南京，而他的孫子朱允炆被朱棣奪去皇位之后，不知所蹤，也無法建陵。還有后來的景泰皇帝，他與兄弟爭奪皇位，最后被降級為王，失去了資格。所以今天的十三陵里面埋葬的只有十三位皇帝。大家了解了嗎?
各位現(xiàn)在往這邊看——這是十三陵的標志性建筑物石牌坊，至今已有四百多年歷史了。現(xiàn)在往前看，這是十三陵的正門——大宮門，皇帝每次祭陵就要在大宮門前下馬進入。
好了，我們面前的就是長陵了。長陵是朱棣和徐皇后的陵墓，也是最大、年代最久的陵墓。接著看到的是定陵，我們進定陵地宮看一看。這地宮總面積為1195平方米，分為前、中、后、左、右五個大殿。現(xiàn)在我們看到的就是地宮的精華部分了，這些全部都是皇帝生前的用品，珍貴奢侈，大家都嘆為觀止了吧!
說到長陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1409年，在1416年全部建成，是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個兒子，當朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖難為名，從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京，并且從當時的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位，改年號為永樂，這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，當了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn)，并且在1420年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間，國庫充實，政局穩(wěn)定，而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書，派鄭和七下西洋，發(fā)展了各國之間友好關系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后，也就是明朝開國元勛徐達的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性，她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓》和《勸善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的時候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃，中軸線由陵恩門，陵恩殿，明樓，寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進院，第一進院是從陵門道陵恩門，可以看到左右兩側各有一個小碑亭，但當時上面都沒有文字，現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進院落中，在1412，明永樂十四年建成，是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動的地方。它面闊九間，進深五間，是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ顑?nèi)有60根楠木柱，中間的四根直徑都達到了一米以上，是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像，大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍，而龍頭則正對著萬歷皇帝的頭部，這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳印６闹軇t是出土文物的展覽。
接下來大家自由活動，下午5點前集合回去。有誰還想更仔細看看導游詞的嗎?好了，感謝大家，祝大家有愉快的一天!
北京十三陵導游詞 篇8
Now you have come to Changping District, the outer suburb of Beijing. Whatyou are about to enter is the Ming Tombs scenic area. During this time, I willexplain the historical background and explanation of the Ming Tombs.
Zhu Di, the emperor of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, sent some geomantic warlocksto Beijing in 1407 to choose "auspicious soil", which is actually auspiciousland to build a mausoleum. At that time, these people looked for many places,but they were not successful. At first, they chose tujiaying, which was not intheir mouth. However, the emperor's surname was Zhu, who had the samepronunciation as pig, and made a taboo. Then I chose Yangshan mountain in thesouthwest of Changping, but there is a village called "langkouyu" behind it.Isn't that more dangerous? Later I chose Yanjiatai in the west of Beijing, whichhas the same pronunciation as "Yanjia", which is very unlucky. Finally, it wasnot until the seventh year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty that the present Tianshoumausoleum area was selected. There are Mangshan, Huyu, Longshan and Tianshoumountains around it. This is exactly the location of the four gods in the YinYang and five elements, that is, the East Green Dragon, the west white tiger,the South rosefinch, the North Xuanwu, and the Wenyu River. It is really ageomantic treasure land. From this we can see how much energy it took for theemperor to build a mausoleum for himself.
After that, the construction of Changling began, and it was finallycompleted after four years. The emperors of Ming dynasty built mausoleums hereone after another. Moreover, from the construction of Changling in 1409 to theend of Ming Dynasty in 1644, the construction of Ming Tombs never stopped. Inthis area of 40 square kilometers, 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines andprinces of the Ming Dynasty were buried. However, it did not survive completely.After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, in order to revenge the Jin people,they destroyed the ancestral Tomb of the Qing Taizu, so they burned it here.
Later, in the 50th year of Qianlong, in order to win over the Han people,they ordered to repair the mausoleum area. After the founding of the people'sRepublic of China, large-scale development was carried out here, and theChangling, Dingling and Zhaoling tombs were opened, among which the undergroundpalace of Dingling has been excavated. Now it has become a key scenic spot inChina, and is the most well preserved tomb group with the largest number ofemperors buried in the world.
Now you may be thinking: isn't there sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty?Why are there only thirteen emperors' mausoleums here? In fact, the reason isvery simple. Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built hiscapital in Nanjing, his mausoleum is in Nanjing, that is, Ming Xiaoling; Jianwenemperor, the second emperor of Ming Dynasty, was seized the throne by Zhu Di,and his remains are unknown, so there is no mausoleum here; At the time ofYingzong, the seventh emperor of Ming Dynasty, he was once encouraged by WangZhen, a eunuch, to lead the army to fight personally. Later, he was captured bythe Wasi army at Tu Tu fort in Huailai, Hebei Province. This event is called"the change of Tu". A country can't be without a monarch, so his brother wascanonized as emperor Jingtai. Later, Yingzong's "change of seizing the throne"was staged, so there was no Jingtai in the Ming Tombs Emperor's mausoleum, hewas buried in the western suburbs of jinshankou as a prince. In this way,everyone must understand why it is called the Ming Tombs.
Now you can see this stone archway along the way, which is the symbol ofthe mausoleum area. It was made during the Jiajing period. The archway is 5rooms, 6 columns and 11 floors. It is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide. Itis the largest and most exquisite stone archway preserved in China. The patternsand decorations on it are also cloud dragon patterns, reflecting thecharacteristics of royal architecture.
Dagongmen is the main gate of the mausoleum area, also known as dahongmen.The gate is southward and has three holes. Inside the gate is the mausoleumarea. On both sides of the gate are inscriptions of "officials waiting todismount here", because at that time, it was stipulated that these people had towalk into the mausoleum area, otherwise they would be punished. Moreover, thisis also a forbidden area. It's not a place where ordinary people can enter atwill. The serious problem is that they have to be beheaded. When you enter thisgate, you will enter the Shinto that runs through the north and south of themausoleum and directly leads to the gate of Changling mausoleum. The Shinto ofthe Ming Dynasty is also the longest in the imperial mausoleum built in China.In fact, its main function is to let the emperor's soul pass through, with atotal length of 7 kilometers.
As we walk, we can see a stele Pavilion in front of us. This pavilion is abuilding with double eaves on the top of Xieshan mountain. Inside it is a hugetablet carrying a heavy burden. This is the tablet of praising virtue, a divineskill of Changling. It was officially established in 1435. On the front is thetablet of praising virtue written by Zhu gaochi, the eldest son of EmperorYongle, with more than 3000 words. On the back is the thirty rhymes of AI Mingmausoleum written in the 50th year of Qianlong, which records the damage of themausoleum in detail. On the east side of the monument is the cost of the Qinggovernment to repair the mausoleum, and on the west side is the reason for thecollapse of the Ming Dynasty in the ninth year of Jiaqing.
After the stele Pavilion, we continue to walk along the Shinto road. Wewill find that there are many stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto road.In fact, there are 36 stone carvings here, which are called stone carvings. Nextto the pavilion is two stone columns. Next, lions, elephants, camels, elephants,Kirin and horses. Each has four _, arranged in a sequence of lying down andstanding. Then there were four military officials, four civil officials and fourmeritorious officials. These buildings were built to reflect the emperor's honorguard before his death and his dignity after his death. So the volume is verylarge and the carving is very fine. And these also symbolize that the emperorcan be respected in his life, and also in his death. All the sacred, civil andmilitary officials should be respected for me.
Further on, you can see a Lingxing gate, also known as Longfeng gate, whichmeans Tianmen. In the middle of the three doors and six pillars, there are threeflame pearls, so it is also called flame archway.
In fact, we have been marching along the Shinto all the time. Let's review,first the stone archway, then the grand palace gate. Now we are going to enterChangling. Stele Pavilion, stone elephant life, after the dragon and Phoenixgate, there is still a long way to reach the Changling mausoleum gate. In fact,the central axis of the whole mausoleum group is the Shinto, which runs throughthe north and south of the mausoleum, with a total length of 7 kilometers.
As for the Changling mausoleum, it is the first mausoleum among the MingTombs. It was built in 1409 and completed in 1416. It is the joint Tomb ofEmperor Zhu Di and empress Xu of Yongle, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Diwas the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. When ZhuYuanzhang died, Zhu Di sent troops from Beiping to capture Nanjing in the nameof Jingnan, and won the throne from Zhu Yunwen, the emperor at that time, andchanged his name to Yongle. This event was called the battle of Jingnan inhistory.
Zhu Di was a great emperor. After he became emperor, he still fought foryears in order to consolidate the rule of Ming Dynasty, and made a majordecision to move the capital to Beijing in 1420. During the Ming Dynasty underhis rule, the National Treasury was abundant and the political situation wasstable. He also ordered people to write Yongle Dadian, the largest book inChinese history. He sent Zheng He to the West seven times and developed friendlyrelations among countries. His wife, empress Xu Da, the daughter of Xu Da, thefounder of the Ming Dynasty, is also a woman with Chinese classical beauty. Sheonce wrote "neixun" and "Quanshan" to cultivate people's minds. She died afterfive years of illness. It is worth mentioning that the first person buried inChangling was not Zhu Di, but empress Xu. Changling covers an area of 10hectares. Its central axis consists of Lingen gate, Lingen hall, minglou,Baocheng and Baoding. There are three entrances to the mausoleum. The firstentrance is from the gate of the mausoleum to the gate of the mausoleum. You cansee a small stele Pavilion on both sides of the mausoleum. However, there wereno words on it at that time. Now the words are written by Emperor Shunzhi of theQing Dynasty.
Lingen hall is located in the second courtyard of the mausoleum. It wasbuilt in 1412 in the 14th year of Yongle of Ming Dynasty. It is the place wherememorial tablets and sacrificial activities are held. It is nine rooms wide andfive rooms deep. It is a building with double eaves and veranda. There are 60nanmu pillars in the hall, and the diameter of the four pillars in the middle ismore than one meter. It is the best nanmu hall in China. There was originally alarge Buddhist niche in Lingen hall, but now it is no longer there. Instead,there is a sitting statue of Emperor Yongle made by later generations. You cantake a look around the back of the statue. You can see that there is a dragoncarved on the back of the chair, and the dragon head is facing the head ofEmperor Wanli, which indicates that the emperor is the real dragon emperor. Allaround are exhibitions of unearthed cultural relics.
Behind the middle hall is the back hall. It is the largest hall in theunderground palace. It is 9.5 meters tall, 31 meters long and 9.1 meters wide.The ground is paved with polished mottled stones. In the back hall, there is acoffin bed with white stone edge. There is a long square hole in the center, andthe middle is filled with loess, which is the first shovel of loess whenchoosing the tomb. It is called Jinjing, which is the basic point of thearchitectural pattern of the whole mausoleum. Jade burial refers to placing jadearound and inside the coffin or in the mouth of the dead. The reason for this isthat the ancients believed that Jinjing could communicate with Yin and Yang andexchange life, while jade burial could keep the corpse from rotting. Jinjingjade burial was the highest level funeral in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Of course,these are the ideals of the ancients, without any scientific basis. On thecoffin bed are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and two empresses, as well as 26wooden boxes for funerary objects.
According to the rules of the emperor's mausoleum, the back hall is onlyused to place the emperor's coffins. Why do the two empresses' coffins alsoappear here? This phenomenon is not clearly recorded in the historicalmaterials, but according to experts' speculation: in the 48th year of Wanli,first empress Xiaoduan died, then Emperor Wanli died in July, and his son ZhuChangluo died 29 days after he ascended the throne In the case of Hongwan, twoemperors, a queen and empress Xiaojing were killed in this short hundred days,and they had to be moved and buried. Such a huge task was put on the Emperor ZhuYouxiao who had just ascended the throne, so the preparations were veryhasty.
Moreover, it was the rainy season at that time, so it was not convenient toopen the Queen's side hall, so the coffins of the emperor and queen enteredthrough the main door. But when I got to the underground palace, I found thatthe corridor of the side hall was too narrow for the Queen's coffin to enter, soI had to put them into the back hall. Now you can understand what the decorationof the coffin in the underground palace is like. Well, now please follow me outof the underground palace.
With the end of the visit to the Ming Tombs, our trip to the Ming Tombs iscoming to an end. I believe everyone will sigh for this huge imperial mausoleumgroup. With the continuous development of cultural relics protection in China,the state has invested a lot of money to repair the Ming Tombs, and this grandImperial Mausoleum will be preserved forever. At the same time, I also hope youcan leave a good impression on this place. You are welcome to visit again nexttime.
北京十三陵導游詞 篇9
The Ming Tombs are located at the foot of Tianshou mountain in ChangpingDistrict of Beijing. There are 13 Ming emperors buried here, so they are calledMing Tombs. From the seventh year of Yongle (1409) to the early year of Shunzhiin Qing Dynasty, the construction of Changling was 200 years. The Ming Tombssystem is completed with a large scale, which is the most complete mausoleumgroup in the world with many emperors buried. In 20__, the Ming Tombs werelisted in the "Century Heritage List" by UNESCO, becoming a must visit place forChinese and foreign tourists to Beijing.
There are sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty. Why is there only the MingTombs? That's because there are three emperors in the Ming Dynasty who are notburied here. One is the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, the second Emperor ZhuYunwen, and the other is the king Tai Emperor Zhu Qiyu. Zhu Di, the thirdemperor of the Ming Dynasty, was the first to build a mausoleum in Beijing.
In July of the fifth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1407), the empressXu of Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, died. Zhu Di ordered Zhao Dan,the Minister of rites, and Liao Junqing, a Jiangxi warlock, to build a mausoleumin Beijing. Finally, the area around louziying of kangjiazhuang in ChangpingDistrict today was selected as the site of the mausoleum and reported to theemperor. After Zhu Di personally inspected the site, he was very satisfied. Henamed the mountain "Tianshou mountain" and chose "auspicious day of the YellowRoad" to start the construction of the mausoleum.
From the seventh year of Yongle to the second year of Xuande (1409-1427),it took 18 years to complete the mausoleum. Empress Xu was buried first, andthen Zhu Di himself. Zhu Di named his mausoleum "Changling", which is the "firstmausoleum" of the Ming Tombs.
The follow-up decoration of Changling is not over. In the Jiajing period ofMing Dynasty, Zhu Houfu ordered to build the Shinto of Changling. Large stonearchways and stele towers on Shinto were built one after another. So it tookmore than 130 years for Changling to be built. The Shinto of the Changlingmausoleum was completed in turn with the mausoleums of the successive emperorsof the Ming Dynasty, and became the main Shinto of the Ming Tombs.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the GATT, it encountered great difficultiesin ruling the country, so the imperial court took many measures to ease thepeople's fierce resistance. For example, the postponement of shaving andchanging clothes, the restoration of imperial examination, the reuse of Hanofficials, and the management of Ming Dynasty mausoleum.
During the reign of Kangxi, every time Emperor Kangxi visited the south, hewould go to Nanjing's Xiaoling of Ming Dynasty to offer sacrifices to ZhuYuanzhang. He also went to the right side of the Shinto of Xiaoling of MingDynasty (the left side was the top in ancient times) to show his respect for ZhuYuanzhang, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Yongzheng,Emperor Yongzheng made a wish for his son to become his father, aiming to findthe direct descendants of the Ming emperor. When you find it, you'll be theofficial. During the reign of Qianlong, Emperor Qianlong granted the descendantsof the Zhu royal family first-class yan'en marquis. In addition, the Qinggovernment set up a special envoy, namely eunuch guarding the mausoleum, to beresponsible for specific related matters. The tomb owners are responsible fortaking care of the cemetery buildings and the trees in the cemetery area.
During the period of the Republic of China, the last generation of yan'enMarquis was Zhu YuXun. Because of his laziness and self-discipline, thegovernment of the Republic of China removed him from all his duties related tothe custody of the mausoleum area, and from then on, yan'en Hou withdrew fromthe stage of history.
Now the Ming Tombs, under the protection and repair of the government, haverestored part of the landscape. The whole mausoleum is composed of thirteenmausoleums: Chang, Xian, Jing, Yu, Mao, Tai, Kang, Yong, Zhao, Ding, Qing, deand Si, which are arranged at the foot of Tianshou mountain. On the left isMangshan, which is a symbol of green dragon, and on the right is Huyu, which isa symbol of white tiger. In front of the mountain, there is a small stream,which forms a pool in the southeast. This is the famous Ming Tombs reservoir.There are also 23 queens, one imperial concubine, dozens of people who died inthe funeral palace, seven imperial concubine tombs and one eunuch tomb.
As tourist attractions, four of them are open to the outside world. Theyare Changling Shinto, Changling, Dingling and Zhaoling. I'm going to talk aboutChangling today.
The owner of Changling tomb is Zhu Di, the third emperor of Ming Dynastyand the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. He was born in1360 and died in 1424.
Zhu Di's life was full of ups and downs. At the age of 11, he was grantedthe title of king of Yan. At the age of 17, he married Xu Da's eldest daughter,the Xu family. At the age of 21, he took office in Beiping (that is, Beijing)and became the highest chief executive of Beiping region, integrating military,political and power. At the age of 40, he fought in the name of "Jingnan" andtook Nanjing for four years. He won the throne from his nephew Zhu Yunwen andbecame the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Di has been in power for 22 years. When he was in power, he wasdiligent in government affairs, concerned about the people and lived a simplelife.
The most outstanding achievements are as follows: first, he presided overthe compilation of Yongle canon; second, he sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean;third, he built four cultural relics and historic sites which are rated as"world cultural heritage" by modern people. (the Palace Museum, the temple ofheaven, the Ming Tombs, Wudang Mountain Taoist complex in Hubei Province).
Of course, Zhu Di's life has also been seen by today's less glorious deeds.For example, the establishment of the East Chamber secret service, the "Jingnancampaign" to usurp the throne, and the "Renwu martyrdom" to kill the courtiersin Zhu Yunwen's period left a bad impression of being violent and murderous.
Zhu Di is a "son of the horse". Because of martial arts, he gained fame;because of martial arts, he won the throne; because of martial arts, he expandedhis territory. But death, also died in the March. Zhu Di died in yumuchuan, nowin Duolun, Inner Mongolia, during his fifth personal expedition to Mobei. He was65 years old and buried in Changling.
Zhu Di is another brilliant emperor after the founding emperor ZhuYuanzhang of Ming Dynasty.
Changling, the mausoleum of Zhu Di, is located on the south side of themain peak of Tianshou mountain. It is the largest, longest built and most wellpreserved Mausoleum of the Ming Tombs. The layout features "front and backcircle". "Front" refers to a group of three entrance courtyards, and "backcircle" refers to Baoding, the tomb of Zhu Di.
In front of this three entrance courtyard, the first entrance to thecourtyard is the mausoleum gate, with a single eaves resting on the top of themountain. It is five rooms wide and three doors open in the middle. It is builton the platform. The first thing you can see in the courtyard is a stelePavilion. Other buildings were destroyed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.
The second gate to enter the courtyard is Juen gate. When you enter Juengate, you will see Juen hall.
The li'en Hall of Changling is covered with yellow glazed tiles, doubleeaves, veranda roof, 95 Bay, supported by 60 Phoebe pillars and covered with"gold bricks", covering an area of 1938 square meters. Such a large hall, butalso are the pillars of Phoebe, is rare in the domestic ancient architecture.Phoebe itself is very precious. The 32 gold pillars in the li'en Hall ofChangling are up to 12.58 meters in height and about 1 meter in diameter. Thefour in the middle are the thickest, with a diameter of 1.124 meters. They can'tclose each other. Moreover, the Ming Dynasty did not leave the standard for theofficial construction of ancient buildings. The JUEN Hall of Changling mausoleumhas become a rare object to study the official buildings in the early MingDynasty, but it is the only well preserved Juen hall in the Ming Tombs, which isvery worthy of tourists to visit.
After Li en hall, through the inner red gate, we came to the thirdcourtyard. First of all, you can see the Lingxing gate, and then you can see thestone confession case, on which there are stone five confessions. They are:incense burner in the middle, candlesticks on both sides, and incense bottles onboth sides. To the north of shiwugong is minglou.
Minglou is part of Houyuan, which refers to Zhu Di's mausoleum. It iscomposed of minglou, Fangcheng, Baocheng and Baoding (Baoshan). If you see sucha Ming tower in the Ming Tombs, it means that an emperor of the Ming Dynasty isburied behind it.
The Ming tower is built on the square city, with double eaves resting onthe top of the mountain. Inside the Ming tower is the "Shenghao stele". Thefirst part of the stele is engraved with "Daming" in seal characters, and thebody of the stele is engraved with "the mausoleum of emperor chengzuwen". Thepedestal under the body of the tablet is divided into four layers. The firstlayer is erlongxizhu, followed by Baiyun, mountains and sea water. "Shenghaostele" is equivalent to the tombstone in front of the mausoleum, indicating thatZhu Di was buried inside.
Behind minglou is Baocheng Baoding. Baoding, also known as Baoshan, isbuilt by hand rammed earth. Baoshan is surrounded by a ring of city walls, 7.3meters high, with crenels on it, and the circumference is 1 km. It is calledBaocheng. Below the mountain is the underground palace. But the undergroundpalace of Changling was not opened. The only underground palace opened in theMing Tombs was Dingling, the tomb of Zhu Yijun.
It turns out that in the early Ming Dynasty, there was a system ofsacrificial burial after the death of the emperor, which was called the systemof sacrificial burial. Originated in the primitive society, slaves were buriedwith a large number of slaves and livestock. After the death of Zhu Yuanzhang,the emperor of Ming Dynasty, this brutal system of human sacrifice was carriedout. When Zhu Yuanzhang died, 38 people were buried; Zhu Di buried 16 people;Zhu gaochi buried 5 people; Zhu Zhanji buried 10 people. The palace maids orconcubines who were buried with the emperor were granted the title of "Chaotianfemale household" by the emperor. It was not until Zhuqi Town, Yingzong of MingDynasty, that the system of martyrdom was abolished.
Yingzong Zhuqi town is fatuous and incompetent. After being a prisoner andlosing the throne, he was released by the enemy and returned to Beijing. Withthe help of eunuchs, he used stratagem to become emperor again. There are twoyears, one is orthodox and the other is Tianshun. He was definitely not a goodemperor in the history of Ming Dynasty, but he abolished the system of humansacrifice, which was a good thing in his lifetime.
However, it is not known where the maids were buried in the Ming Tombs, andit still needs to be researched by later generations.
OK, I'll introduce you to the Ming Tombs.